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🔬 Scientific Calculator

A full-featured scientific calculator with trigonometric functions, logarithms, exponents, factorial, constants, and degree/radian mode. Works with keyboard input.

⚙️ Full calculator functionality for this tool is being added. The SEO content and structure are complete.

How to Use the Scientific Calculator

Click buttons or type using your keyboard. The calculator supports all standard arithmetic operations plus scientific functions: sin, cos, tan and their inverses, log (base 10) and ln (natural log), powers (xʸ), square root, factorial (n!), and the constants π and e.

Toggle between DEG (degrees) and RAD (radians) using the mode tabs before entering trig functions. In DEG mode, sin(90) = 1. In RAD mode, sin(π/2) = 1.

Key Scientific Functions Explained

Trigonometric Functions

Trig functions relate angles to ratios of a right triangle's sides. On the unit circle: sin(θ) = opposite/hypotenuse (y-coordinate), cos(θ) = adjacent/hypotenuse (x-coordinate), tan(θ) = opposite/adjacent = sin/cos. The inverse functions (arcsin, arccos, arctan) recover an angle from a ratio — useful in geometry, physics, and engineering problems.

Logarithms and Natural Log

log(x) (base 10) asks "what power of 10 gives x?" — log(1000) = 3 because 10³ = 1000. ln(x) (natural log, base e) asks the same about Euler's number e ≈ 2.71828 — ln(e²) = 2. Logarithms appear in compound interest (continuous compounding uses e), sound levels (decibels), earthquake magnitude (Richter scale), pH chemistry, and information theory.

Euler's Number (e) and π

e ≈ 2.71828 is the base of natural logarithms and the limit of (1 + 1/n)ⁿ as n→∞. It appears in continuous compound interest, population growth models, and probability distributions. π ≈ 3.14159 is the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter, fundamental to geometry, trigonometry, and physics.

Factorial (n!)

n! = n × (n−1) × (n−2) × ... × 2 × 1. Factorials count the number of ways to arrange n distinct objects (permutations). 5! = 120 means there are 120 ways to arrange 5 items. Factorials grow extremely quickly: 10! = 3,628,800; 20! ≈ 2.4 × 10¹⁸. They appear in probability, combinatorics, and Taylor series expansions.

For statistical calculations using these functions, see our standard deviation calculator and percentage calculator.

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Frequently Asked Questions

Common questions about how do i use... and more.

How do I use sin, cos, and tan on a scientific calculator?

Enter the angle first, then press the trig function. In DEG mode: sin(30) = 0.5, cos(60) = 0.5, tan(45) = 1. In RAD mode: sin(π/6) = 0.5. To find an angle from a ratio, use the inverse functions: arcsin(0.5) = 30° (in DEG mode). Common values to remember: sin(0)=0, sin(30)=0.5, sin(45)=√2/2≈0.707, sin(60)=√3/2≈0.866, sin(90)=1. Cosine is the "shifted" version: cos(0)=1, cos(90)=0. Tangent is undefined at 90° because cos(90)=0 (division by zero).

What is the difference between log and ln?

log (log₁₀) is the common logarithm — it uses base 10. log(100) = 2 because 10² = 100. ln is the natural logarithm — it uses base e (≈2.71828). ln(e²) = 2. To convert: ln(x) = log(x) / log(e) = log(x) / 0.4343. Or: log(x) = ln(x) / ln(10) = ln(x) / 2.3026. In science and engineering, ln is used for growth/decay models and physics equations; log₁₀ is used for pH, decibels, and earthquake scales. Most calculators label the natural log as "ln" and base-10 as "log" — this one does too.

How do I calculate powers and square roots?

For square root: press √ after entering the number. √144 = 12. For any power: enter the base, press xʸ, then enter the exponent. 2^10 = 1024. For cube root: raise to the power of 1/3 → enter 1/3 as the exponent (e.g., 27^(1/3) = 3). For reciprocal: use x⁻¹ or type 1/x. Remember: any number to the power of 0 = 1; any number to the power of 1 = itself; negative exponents mean reciprocals (2⁻³ = 1/8).

When should I use degrees vs radians?

Use degrees for everyday geometry, navigation, and most classroom trigonometry — a full circle is 360°, a right angle is 90°. Use radians for calculus, physics, and engineering where the math is simpler in radians — a full circle is 2π radians, a right angle is π/2 radians. The conversion: degrees × π/180 = radians; radians × 180/π = degrees. On this calculator, always check which mode you're in before computing trig functions — it's the most common source of wrong answers. The mode display shows DEG or RAD prominently.

How do I calculate factorial on a scientific calculator?

Enter the non-negative integer first, then press the n! button. Examples: 5! = 120, 10! = 3,628,800, 15! = 1,307,674,368,000. Note: 0! = 1 by definition. Factorials only apply to non-negative integers — you cannot calculate 3.5! on a basic scientific calculator (though the Gamma function extends factorial to non-integers). Factorials grow extremely fast: 20! has 19 digits, 70! has 100 digits. Most calculators display an error or overflow for n > 69. This calculator handles up to the limits of JavaScript's 64-bit float precision.